PAKISTAN IN SCOTLAND
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Adil Saeed
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About Pakistan
Pakistan, republic in southern Asia, bounded on the north and northwest by Afghanistan, on the northeast by
Jammu and Kashmìr, on the east and southeast by India, on the south by the Arabian Sea, and on the west by Iran. The status of Jammu and Kashmìr is a matter of dispute between India and Pakistan. Until December 1971 Pakistan included the province of East Pakistan; at that time, however, East Pakistan seceded from Pakistan and assumed the name Bangladesh. The area of Pakistan is 796,095 sq km (307,374 sq mi), not including the section of Jammu and Kashmìr under its control. The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad; the largest city of the country is Karachi.Climate
The climate of Pakistan varies widely from place to place. In the mountain regions of the north and west, temperatures fall below freezing during winter; in the Indus Valley area, temperatures range between about 32° and 49° C (about 90° and 120° F) in summer, and the average in winter is about 13° C (about 55° F). Throughout most of Pakistan rainfall is scarce. The Punjab region receives the most precipitation, more than 500 mm (more than 20 in) per year. The arid regions of the southeast and southwest receive less than 125 mm (less than 5 in) annually. Most rain falls in July and August.
Population
The population of Pakistan (1995 estimate) is about 134,974,000, yielding an average population density of about 170 persons per sq km (about 439 per sq mi). The country's population was increasing in the mid-1990s at a rate of approximately 2.7 percent a year. Only about 35 percent of the people live in urban areas.
Principal Cities
Pakistan's largest city is
Karachi, with a population (1981) of 5,180,562. Other significant urban centers are Lahore (2,952,689), an industrial center; Faisalabad (1,104,209), a center of the cotton industry; Rawalpindi (794,843), an industrial city; Hyderabad (751,529), a manufacturing center; Multan (722,070); and Peshawar (566,248), a hub of trade with Afghanistan. Islamabad (204,364) is the capital of Pakistan.Languages
The official language of Pakistan is Urdu, but less than one-tenth of the people use it as their first language. Punjabi is spoken by about one-half of all households, and Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, and Baluchi are also spoken by many people. In addition, English is extensively used by people in government, the military, and higher education.
Communications
In the early 1990s Pakistan had about 1 million telephones, 11 million radios, and 2.2 million television sets. Television broadcasting began in Lahore in 1964 and in Kar
achi in 1966. Newspapers are mainly printed in Urdu and English. Pakistan has about 237 daily newspapers, most with small circulations. The major dailies are concentrated in Lahore and Karachi.Government
Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1973, which was subsequently amended. Following a military coup d'état in 1977, however, a system of martial law was put into effect, and most aspects of the 1973 constitution were suspended. In 1985 parliamentary government was reestablished, the constitution restored, and martial law ended. Legislation enacted in 1991 made Sharia, or Islamic law, the supreme law of the land.
Health and Welfare
Health services in Pakistan are limited by a lack of facilities. In the early 1990s the country had about 51,900 physicians and about 71,900 hospital beds. In 1976 an old-age pension system was inaugurated, but it covers relatively few Pakistanis.
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